Procedural BP Mac OS

1. If your Mac has a T2 chip, the process is different. For both MacBooks and desktop Macs, turn off the device, then press and hold the power button for 10 seconds. Let go and wait a few seconds.
2. Prior to Mac OS X v10.2, aliases and symbolic links behaved very differently when a referenced file or folder moved or changed. Alias Semantics. On HFS and HFS+ file systems, each file and folder has a unique, persistent identity. Aliases use this identity along with pathname information to find files and folders on the same volume.
3. Versions of Windows more recent than Windows XP support the larger sector sizes, as well as Mac OS X, and Linux has supported larger sector sizes since 2.6.31 or 2.6.32, but issues with boot loaders, partitioning tools and computer BIOS implementations present certain limitations, since they are often hard-wired to reserve only 512 bytes for.

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A Gentle Guide to Using PennSim

0. Conventions

Throughout this document, commands that you have to type or buttonsyou have to click will appear like so.

1. Getting Java

PennSim is written in Java, which means Java must beinstalled on the computer you plan to use. Java should already beavailable on all public SEAS machines. If you plan to work on yourpersonal machine, you may need to install Java yourself. You can download Java here. PennSim requires Java 1.5 or newer (which is available forWindows, Linux, and Mac OS X).

2. Getting the Simulator

Next, you need to download the simulator. It is distributed in a .jarfile (short for Java ARchive). In Windows or on a Mac, youshould be able to double-click the .jar file to launch thesimulator. You can also launch the simulator from the command line ofyour operating system (such as Linux) by using the command java -jar (jarfile). You should see the simulatorscreen, much like the screenshot below. To run it from the Linux labs, typethe following command:

If you have any problems starting the simulator, please post yourproblems to the CSE240 discussion forum. This will ensure thefastest response.

We will not be distributing the source to the simulator, becausea later assignment will build parts of the simulator in C (which issimilar to Java in many ways).

3. Assembling and Loading Software

Now the simulator is running, but to get it to do anythinginteresting, we need to load some software. The first piece ofsoftware we should load is, naturally, an operating system. The LC-3operating system is very basic: it handles simple I/O operations andis responsible for starting other programs, such as the ones you'llwrite for this homework. Download the LC-3 OShere.

So that you can understand what the operating system does, wedistribute it as an assembly language file. But the machinedoesn't understand assembly directly; we first have to 'assemble' theassembly code into machine language (a .obj file containing binarydata). PennSim has a built-in assembler, accessible (as isthe case for most of its functionality) via the Command Line text box(see screenshot above). To assemble the operating system, type as lc3os.asm at PennSim's command line and hitenter. Make sure that the OS file is in the current directory; the as command also understandsrelative and absolute paths if the OS is in a different directory. Output from the assembly process is displayed in the CommandLine Output Pane. Afterassembling the OS, you should notice that 2 new files, lc3os.obj andlc3os.sym, have been created. The .obj file is the machine languageencoding of the assembly language file, and the .sym file is a textfile that holds symbol information so the simulator can display yoursymbols. Recall that symbols are really just a convenience for sillyhumans; the machine language encoding knows only about offsets.

Now we can load the lc3os.obj file into the simulator, either via thecommand load lc3os.obj or by going to theFile menu and selecting Open .obj file. Notice that the contents of thememory change when the OS is loaded.

Now assemble and load the solution file forProblem 0 into the simulator. The memory has changed again, but youmay not notice since the relevant memory addresses (starting at x3000)aren't visible unless you've scrolled the screen. User-level programs(i.e., non-OS code) start, by convention, at x3000. If you type thecommand list x3000 the memory view willjump to x3000 and you can see the 1-instruction solution to thisproblem.

4. Running Code

To actually run code, you can use the 4 control buttons at the top ofthe simulator, or type commands into the command line interface (thecommand names are the same as the buttons). Note that the PC registeris set to x0200, which is the entry point to the operating system byconvention. Recall that the solution code for Problem0 increments the value in R2 and puts the result in R5. Set thevalue in R2 to something you fancy, either by double-clicking it inthe Registers section, or via the command set R2(value). Now, actually run the code by hitting the continue button. The value magically getsincremented and moved to R5. Neat-o! Also observe that the PC nowpoints to x0263, an apparently random value somewhere in the operatingsystem, and that the Status Display tells us the machine is halted.

4a. Running Code...slowly

Clearly, some things are going on here. But to determine what they areexactly, we need to slow the execution down. You can hit the stop button to pause the machine while it'sexecuting, but this doesn't give you very fine-grained control. Thecontinue command will start runninginstructions as fast as possible, but often we want to go just oneinstruction at a time. This is what the next and stepcommands allow us to do. They both go one instruction at a time, but thestep command will 'follow' function callsand traps, while next just goes from lineto line, 'over' function calls and traps and stopping only at the instructionimmediately after them. Both next and step will 'follow' branches. The PennSim Manual has a more involved discussion,with an example, of the difference between next and step.

Let's try running the program again, but just one instruction at atime. Notice that from the halted state, the PC points to aninstruction that will branch us right back to the start of theoperating system. So we can hit next onceand start the cycle over again. Note that registers are as we leftthem. You can put a new value into R2 if you want, and the old valuein R5 will get overwritten. Sometimes, having old values lying aroundeverywhere can be problematic, and it's good to do a real 'reboot' viathe reset command. This clears allof memory and resets registers to default values, so you have toreload the OS and your program.

You can keep next-ing over the OS code;eventually you will hit the RTT instruction at location x0205 thatjumps to the start of our program at x3000. Now you can see the 2instructions that constitute our program. You can see the ADD beingperformed, and then the machine gets halted again.

Continue running the increment-R2-into-R5 code until, if ever, you getbored. Then move on to Problem 1.

4b. Running Code...for a little while

Going one instruction at a time is great, but somewhat tedious. Weneed a happy medium between not knowing what's going on at all, andhaving to go through every single instruction, whether we care aboutit or not. Breakpoints are this happy medium.

A breakpoint is set at a particular memory location, and tells thesimulator to stop execution upon reaching that point. Memory locationswith breakpoints set on them show up in the simulator with a redsquare in the 'BP' column. It is left as an exercise to the reader todetermine what 'BP' stands for. You can set a breakpoint at a memorylocation with the command break set (memorylocation), or by checking the checkbox in the 'BP' column. Youcan get rid of a previously-set breakpoint with the command break clear (memory location), or byun-checking a previously checked box. You can also set and clearbreakpoints at labels, instead of specifying a hex memory location.

When you tell the simulator to continue,it will only run until it hits a breakpoint (or the system halts orhas an error). When you are writing and testing your answer forProblem 1, you can use the command breakpointset START to set a breakpoint at the beginning of yourcode. Then, you can use continue to skipall the OS code and get to the instructions you care about. Then youcan next over your code to make sure it'sdoing what you want it to do.

5. Running Scripts

Now try running some of the test scripts that we've provided forProblem 1. You can do this with the command script (scriptfile). The script files just plain text (and the file extension doesn'treally matter). If you open the script file with a text editor, you cansee that the script commands are the same as those you type at thecommand line. For repetitive tasks, using a script file can save youtime, and perhaps the lifelong agony of RepetitiveStrain Injury.

Scripting is also a great way of testing your code. You can write afew test cases and check your code easily, especially for the problemsin this homework which are pretty easy to test. Use the check command to verify that a value is whatyou think it should be. We've distributed a few test scripts for theproblems in this homework, but they don't cover all the importantcases, so you should augment our scripts with some of your own.

6. General Help and Advice

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This document doesn't cover all of the simulator's functionality; foran extended discussion of usage see the PennSim Manual. For quick help within the simulator itself,you can use the help command to see alist of all of PennSim's commands. Use help(command) to get help on a specific command.

Many of the PennSim commands have shortcuts - b is short for break, n fornext, and so forth. Use the help (or h)command to see what shortcuts exist.

The PennSim Command Line has a history feature - use the up and downarrow keys to go backwards and forwards through the commands you'vepreviously entered.

If you resize the simulator window to make it bigger, the CommandlineOutput Pane will grow. If you have a small screen and the CommandlineOutput Pane still isn't big enough, you can open an external, resizableCommand Output Window by selecting the OpenCommand Output Window option from the File menu. This lets you see a lot more outputfrom the commands you run, and is particularly useful for viewing theerrors the assembler generates.

If you have trouble running the simulator, try checking the classforum in case someone else has had the same problem as you. Postingyour questions to the forum is a good idea in general, because thenother people can learn from your experience. The forum is checkedregularly by Professor Lewis and the TAs. Of course, you can alsoemail cse240@seas, or drop by office hours.

If you think you've found a bug in the simulator (which is,theoretically speaking, a possibility:), check the Simulator distribution/bugspage to see if you've found a known bug with a workaround. Ifyou've found a new bug, post to the forums (if you want to embarrass us)or email cse240@seas (if you're feeling kinder). Be sure to include thefollowing:

1. A description of the bug.
2. What you were doing that caused the bug to occur.
3. What version of the simulator you were using. Find this via the simulator'sAbout menu.
4. What version of Java you were using. Find this by running java -version from the commandline of your OS.
5. What operating system you were using - Windows, Linux, Mac.

About GNU Pascal

This page is a direct extract from the GPC Manual.If you want to browse the manual, you can start at thetop of the manual or at thecounterpart of this page within the manual.

1 Some of GPC's most interesting features.

The GNU Pascal Compiler (GPC) is, as the name says, the Pascalcompiler of the GNU family (http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/). This means:

• GPC is a 32/64 bit compiler,
• does not have limits like the 64 kB or 640 kB limit known fromcertain operating systems – even on those systems –,
• runs on all operating systems supported by GNU C, including
  • GNU Hurd,
  • Linux on Intel, AMD64, Sparc,Alpha, S390, and all other supported types of hardware,
  • the BSD family: FreeBSD,NetBSD,OpenBSD,
  • DOS with 32 bits, usingDJGPP or EMX,
  • MS-Windows 9x/NT, usingCygWin ormingw orMSYS,
  • OS/2 with EMX,
  • Mac OS X,
  • MIPS-SGI-IRIX,
  • Alpha-DEC-OSF,
  • Sparc-Sun-Solaris,
  • HP/UX,

  and more (note: the runtime system only supports ASCIIbased systems; that includes almost all of today's systems, but afew IBM machines still use EBCDIC; on those, the compiler might run,but the runtime support might need major changes),

• can act as a native or as a cross compiler between allsupported systems,
• produces highly optimized code for all these systems,
• isFree Software(Open-Source Software)according to theGNU General Public License,
• is compatible to other GNU languages and tools such as GNU Cand the GNU debugger.

The compiler supports the following language standardsand quasi-standards:

• ISO 7185 Pascal (see Resources),
• most of ISO 10206 Extended Pascal,
• Borland Pascal 7.0,
• parts of Borland Delphi, Mac Pascal and Pascal-SC (PXSC).

Some highlights:

• From Standard Pascal: Many popular Pascal compilers claim toextend Standard Pascal but miss these important features.
  • Conformant array parameters – the standardized and comfortable wayto pass arrays of varying size to procedures and functions. [Example]
  • Passing local procedures as procedural parameters – with fullaccess to all variables of the 'parent' procedure. [Example]
  • Automatic file buffers and standard Get and Putprocedures. Read ahead from files without temporary variables. [Example] This allows you, for instance, tovalidate numeric input from text files before reading withoutconversion through strings. [Example]
  • True packed records and arrays. Pack 8 Booleans into 1 byte. [Example]
  • Internal files. You don't have to worry about creating temporaryfile names and erasing the files later. [Example]
  • Global goto. (Yes, goto has its place when it is notrestricted to the current routine.) [Example]
  • Automatically set discriminants of variant records in New. [Example]
  • Sets of arbitrary size. [Example]
• From Extended Pascal:
  • Strings of arbitrary length. [Example]
  • ReadStr and WriteStr. Read from and write to stringswith the full comfort of ReadLn/WriteLn. [Example]
  • System-independent date/time routines. [Example]
  • Set member iteration:for Ch in ['A' .. 'Z', 'a' .. 'z'] do ...[Example]
  • Set extensions (symmetric difference, Card)
  • Generalized Succ and Pred functions(foo := Succ (bar, 5);).
  • Complex numbers. [Example][Example]
  • Exponentiation operators (pow and **) for realand complex numbers.
  • Initialized variables. [Example]
  • Functions can return array or record values.
  • Result variables. [Example]
  • Modules.
  • Non-decimal numbers in base 2 through 36: base#number.
  • MinReal, MaxReal, EpsReal, MaxCharconstants.
  • Schemata – the Pascal way to get dynamic arrays without dirtytricks. [Example]
  • Local variables may have dynamic size. [Example]
  • Array Slice Access – access parts of an array as a smaller array,even on the left side of an assignment[Example]
• Compatible to Borland Pascal 7.0 with objects (BP):
  • Supports units, objects, ..., and makes even things likeabsolute variables portable. [Example]
  • Comes with portable versions of the BP standard units withfull source.

  • (PNG, 21 kB)

    True network-transparent CRT unit: You can run your CRT applicationslocally or while being logged in remotely, without any need to worryabout different terminal types. Compatible to BP's unit, but withmany extensions, such as overlapping windows. [Example]
  • Fully functional GUI (X11) version of CRT (also completelynetwork transparent).
    
  • The Random function can produce the same sequence ofpseudo-random numbers as BP does – if you need that instead of themuch more elaborate default algorithm.
  • Supports BP style procedural variables as well as Standard Pascal'sprocedural parameters. [Example]
  • A Ports unit lets you access CPU I/O ports on systems wherethis makes sense. [Example]
  • Special compatibility features to help migrating from BP to GPC,like a GPC for BP unit which provides some of GPC's featuresfor BP, and some routines to access sets of large memory blocks in auniform way under GPC and BP (even in real mode). [Example]
  • Comes with a BP compatible binobj utility. [Example]
• From Borland Delphi:
  • abstract object types and methods
  • is and as operators to test object typemembership
  • Comments with //
  • Empty parameter lists with ()
  • Assertions
  • A SetLength procedure for strings makes it unnecessaryto use dirty tricks like assignments to the 'zeroth character'.
  • Initialize and Finalize for low-level handlingof variables.
  • initialization and finalization for units.
• From Pascal-SC (PXSC):
  • User-definable operators. Add your vectors with +.
• Carefully designed GNU extensions help you to make yourreal-world programs portable:
  • 64-bit signed and unsigned integer types.
  • Special types guarantee compatibility to other GNU languages such asGNU C. Directives like {$L foo.c} make it easy tomaintain projects written in multiple languages, e.g., includingcode written in other languages into Pascal programs[Example (Pascal part)][Example (C part)],
  • or including Pascal code into programs written in other languages. [Example (Pascal part)][Example (Pascal unit)][Example (C part)]
  • Extensions like BitSizeOf and ConvertFromBigEndianhelp you to deal with different data sizes and endianesses. [Example]
  • Little somethings like DirSeparator,PathSeparator, GetTempDirectory help you to writeprograms that look and feel 'at home' on all operating systems.
  • The PExecute routine lets you execute child processes in aportable way that takes full advantage of multitasking environments. [Example][Example]
  • The GNU GetOpt routines give you comfortable access to Unix-styleshort and long command-line options with and without arguments. [Example]
  • Routines like FSplit or FSearch or FExpand knowabout the specifics of the various different operating systems. [Example]
  • The FormatTime function lets you format date and time values,according to various formatting rules. [Example]
• Useful and portable GNU standard units:
  • A Pipes unit gives you inter-process communication even underplain DOS. [Example][Demo process for the example]
  • With the RegEx unit you can do searches with regularexpressions. [Example]
  • The GNU MultiPrecision (GMP) unit allows you to doarithmetics with integer, real, and rational numbers of arbitraryprecision. [Example: factorial][Example: fibonacci][Example: power][Example: real power][Example: pi]
  • Posix functions like ReadDir, StatFS orFileLock provide an efficient, easy-to-use and portableinterface to the operating system. [Example][Example][Example]
  • A DosUnix unit compensates for some of the incompatibilitiesbetween two families of operating systems. [Example]
  • An MD5 unit to compute MD5 message digests, according to RFC1321. [Example]
  • A FileUtils unit which provides some higher-level file anddirectory handling routines. [Example]
  • A StringUtils unit which provides some higher-level stringhandling routines. [Example]
  • An Intl unit for internationalization. [Example][Example]
  • A Trap unit to trap runtime errors and handle them withinyour program. [Example]
  • A TFDD unit that provides some tricks with text files, e.g. a'tee' file which causes everything written to it to be written totwo other files. [Example]
  • A HeapMon unit to help you find memory leaks in yourprograms.

The demo programs mentioned above are available both on the WWW andin GPC source and binary distributions.

Disadvantages:

• The GNU debugger (GDB) still has some problems with Pascaldebug info.
• Compilation with GPC takes quite long.

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Co-workers welcome!

Able, committed programmers are always welcome in the GNU Pascalteam. If you want to be independent of companies that you have topay in order to get a compiler with more restrictive licensingconditions that only runs on one operating system, be invitedto join the development team, Acknowledgments.

• About GNU Pascal

Copyright © 1996-2005 GNU Pascal development team

Verbatim copying and distribution is permitted in any medium,provided that this notice and the disclaimer below arepreserved.

This information is provided in the hope that it will be useful,but without any warranty. We disclaim any liability for the accuracyof this information.

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